The process followed human-centered design stages:
- Passive & active observations in dining halls; interviews with students and staff to surface key issues (overfilling, spills, rushing).
- Brainstormed multiple solutions (awareness campaigns, mechanical implementations, sensors) and selected a sensor-based dispenser for direct impact.
- Built low-level cardboard prototype a nozzle and tape in place of sensors.
- Used the cardboard prototype to communicate functionality and gather user feedback; identified improvements for a better prototype.
- Built a final low-level foam board prototype with printed screens, sensor printouts, and a nozzle to simulate cup detection and halt of automatic dispensing.